Magnitude 6.0 Earthquake - BALLENY ISLANDS

M6.0 - BALLENY ISLANDS REGION

Preliminary Earthquake ReportMagnitude6.0Date-Time31 Jan 2016 17:39:00 UTC1 Feb 2016 04:39:00 near epicenter31 Jan 2016 12:39:00 standard time in your timezoneLocation63.287S 169.152EDepth10 kmDistances473 km (293 mi) NE of Young Island, Antarctica1880 km (1165 mi) S of Invercargill, New Zealand1912 km (1185 mi) S of Gore, New Zealand1940 km (1202 mi) S of Dunedin, New Zealand2475 km (1534 mi) S of Wellington, New ZealandLocation UncertaintyHorizontal: 9.2 km; Vertical 1.9 kmParametersNph = 35; Dmin = 1611.1 km; Rmss = 1.13 seconds; Gp = 119°
Version =Event IDus 20004w6c

For updates, maps, and technical information, see: Event Page orUSGS Earthquake Hazards Program

Magnitude 7.0 Earthquake- KAMCHATKA PENINSULA, RUSSIA

M7.0 - KAMCHATKA PENINSULA, RUSSIA

Preliminary Earthquake ReportMagnitude7.0Date-Time30 Jan 2016 03:25:10 UTC30 Jan 2016 15:25:10 near epicenter29 Jan 2016 22:25:10 standard time in your timezoneLocation54.038N 158.514EDepth159 kmDistances95 km (58 mi) N of Yelizovo, Russia110 km (68 mi) N of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russia123 km (76 mi) N of Vilyuchinsk, Russia774 km (479 mi) SE of Magadan, Russia2506 km (1553 mi) NNE of Tokyo, JapanLocation UncertaintyHorizontal: 7.6 km; Vertical 4.9 kmParametersNph = 123; Dmin = 113.3 km; Rmss = 0.84 seconds; Gp = 24°
Version =Event IDus 20004vvx

For updates, maps, and technical information, see: Event Page orUSGS Earthquake Hazards Program

Quakes off Coast of California

Magnitude 6.1 Earthquake - Al Hoceima, Morocco

M6.1 - 62km NNE of Al Hoceima, Morocco

V
DYFI?IV
ShakeMapGREEN
PAGER

Location

Data Source US¹35.741°N 3.597°W depth=10.0 km (6.2 mi)View interactive map

Time

2016-01-25 04:22:02 (UTC)2016-01-24 23:22:02 (UTC-05:00) in your timezoneTimes in other timezones

Nearby Cities

62km (39mi) NNE of Al Hoceima, Morocco64km (40mi) NNE of Tirhanimine, Morocco69km (43mi) NNE of Imzourene, Morocco77km (48mi) NW of Melilla, Spain164km (102mi) ESE of Gibraltar, Gibraltar

M7.1 - 83km E of Old Iliamna, Alaska

M7.1 - 83km E of Old Iliamna, Alaska

VII
DYFI?VI
ShakeMapGREEN
PAGER

Location

Data Source US³59.658°N 153.452°W depth=127.8 km (79.4 mi)View interactive map

Time

2016-01-24 10:30:30 (UTC)2016-01-24 05:30:30 (UTC-05:00) in your timezoneTimes in other timezones

Nearby Cities

83km (52mi) E of Old Iliamna, Alaska261km (162mi) SW of Anchorage, Alaska295km (183mi) SW of Knik-Fairview, Alaska648km (403mi) SSW of College, Alaska1024km (636mi) W of Whitehorse, Canada

Tectonic Summary

The January 24, 2016 M 7.1 earthquake southwest of Anchorage, Alaska, occurred as the result of strike-slip faulting at intermediate depths, within the subducted lithosphere of the Pacific plate. In the region of the earthquake, the Pacific plate moves northwestward with respect to North America at a rate of 60 mm/yr, and begins its decent into the mantle at the Alaska-Aleutian Trench almost 400 km to the southeast of this earthquake. The mechanism and depth of the earthquake are consistent with its occurrence within the interior of the subducted Pacific plate, rather than on the shallower plate boundary thrust between Pacific and North America. The focal mechanism indicates faulting occurred on either a northwest striking right-lateral structure, or on a northeast striking, left-lateral fault.

Earthquakes like this event, with focal depths between 70 and 300 km, are commonly termed "intermediate-depth" earthquakes. Intermediate-depth earthquakes represent deformation within subducted slabs rather than at the shallow plate interfaces between subducting and overriding tectonic plates. They typically cause less damage on the ground surface above their foci than is the case with similar magnitude shallow-focus earthquakes, but large intermediate-depth earthquakes may be felt at great distance from their epicenters. Earthquakes have been reliably located to depths of about 220 km in this region.

Southern Alaska frequently experiences earthquake activity in relation to the Pacific:North America subduction zone plate boundary. The shallow interface between these plates to the southeast of the January 24, 2016 earthquake was the location of the second largest global earthquake ever recorded, the M 9.3 Great Alaska earthquake of March 27, 1964. Seventeen earthquakes of M 6 or larger have occurred within 250 km of the January 24, 2016 earthquake, the largest being an M 7.0 aftershock of the Great Alaska earthquake in July 1965. The previous largest intermediate depth earthquake in the region was a M 6.8 event in July 2001, 120 km to the southwest of todays earthquake.

Seismotectonics of Alaska

The Aleutian arc extends approximately 3,000 km from the Gulf of Alaska in the east to the Kamchatka Peninsula in the west. It marks the region where the Pacific plate subducts into the mantle beneath the North America plate. This subduction is responsible for the generation of the Aleutian Islands and the deep offshore Aleutian Trench.

The curvature of the arc results in a westward transition of relative plate motion from trench-normal (i.e., compressional) in the east to trench-parallel (i.e., translational) in the west, accompanied by westward variations in seismic activity, volcanism, and overriding plate composition. The Aleutian arc is generally divided into three regions: the western, central, and eastern Aleutians. Relative to a fixed North America plate, the Pacific plate is moving northwest at a rate that increases from roughly 60 mm/yr at the arc's eastern edge to 76 mm/yr near its western terminus. The eastern Aleutian arc extends from the Alaskan Peninsula in the east to the Fox Islands in the west. Motion along this section of the arc is characterized by arc-perpendicular convergence and Pacific plate subduction beneath thick continental lithosphere. This region exhibits intense volcanic activity and has a history of megathrust earthquakes.

The central Aleutian arc extends from the Andreanof Islands in the east to the Rat Islands in the west. Here, motion is characterized by westward-increasing oblique convergence and Pacific plate subduction beneath thin oceanic lithosphere. Along this portion of the arc, the Wadati-Benioff zone is well defined to depths of approximately 200 km. Despite the obliquity of convergence, active volcanism and megathrust earthquakes are also present along this margin.

The western Aleutians, stretching from the western end of the Rat Islands in the east to the Commander Islands, Russia, in the west, is tectonically different from the central and eastern portions of the arc. The increasing component of transform motion between the Pacific and North America plates is evidenced by diminishing active volcanism; the last active volcano is located on Buldir Island, in the far western portion of the Rat Island chain. Additionally, this portion of the subduction zone has not hosted large earthquakes or megathrust events in recorded history. Instead, the largest earthquakes in this region are generally shallow, predominantly strike-slip events with magnitudes between M5-6. Deeper earthquakes do occur, albeit rather scarcely and with small magnitudes (M<4), down to approximately 50 km.

Most of the seismicity along the Aleutian arc results from thrust faulting that occurs along the interface between the Pacific and North America plates, extending from near the base of the trench to depths of 40 to 60 km. Slip along this interface is responsible for generating devastating earthquakes. Deformation also occurs within the subducting slab in the form of intermediate-depth earthquakes that can reach depths of 250 km. Normal faulting events occur in the outer rise region of the Aleutian arc resulting from the bending of the oceanic Pacific plate as it enters the Aleutian trench. Additionally, deformation of the overriding North America plate generates shallow crustal earthquakes.

The Aleutian arc is a seismically active region, evidenced by the many moderate to large earthquakes occurring each year. Since 1900, this region has hosted twelve large earthquakes (M>7.5) including the May 7, 1986 M8.0 Andreanof Islands, the June 10, 1996 M7.9 Andreanof Islands, and the November 17, 2003 M7.8 Rat Islands earthquakes. Six of these great earthquakes (M8.3 or larger) have occurred along the Aleutian arc that together have ruptured almost the entire shallow megathrust contact. The first of these major earthquakes occurred on August 17, 1906 near the island of Amchitka (M8.3) in the western Aleutian arc. However, unlike the other megathrust earthquakes along the arc, this event is thought to have been an intraplate event occurring in the shallow slab beneath the subduction zone interface.

The first megathrust event along the arc during the 20th century was the November 10, 1938 M8.6 Shumagin Island earthquake. This event ruptured an approximately 300 km long stretch of the arc from the southern end of Kodiak Island to the northern end of the Shumagin Islands and generated a small tsunami that was recorded as far south as Hawaii.

M6.6 - 215km SW of Tomatlan, Mexico

M6.6 - 215km SW of Tomatlan, Mexico

Time

2016-01-21 18:06:59 (UTC)2016-01-21 13:06:59 (UTC-05:00) in your timezoneTimes in other timezones

Nearby Cities

215km (134mi) SW of Tomatlan, Mexico255km (158mi) W of Cihuatlan, Mexico267km (166mi) SW of Puerto Vallarta, Mexico275km (171mi) SW of Ixtapa, Mexico825km (513mi) W of Mexico City, Mexico

3.0 magnitude earthquake 45 miles outside Washington DC

Photo: usgs.gov

By: fox5dc.com staff

POSTED:JAN 17 2016 03:58PM EST

UPDATED:JAN 17 2016 08:13PM EST

BOLIVAR, W.Va. - A 3.0 magnitude earthquake struck just 45 miles outside Washington on Sunday afternoon. 

The United States Geological Survey reported that the quake began around 4 kilometers from Bolivar, West Virginia. 

Around 80 people reported feeling the seismic event, which occurred shortly after 2 p.m. 

Bolivar is located just under 25 miles from Leesburg, Virginia and around 64 miles from Washington.

U.S. Episcopal Churches Suspended Over Same-Sex Marriage

Anglican Communion Suspends U.S. Episcopal Church Over Same-Sex Marriage

           

Archbishops of the worldwide Anglican Communion voted Thursday to suspend the entire U.S. Episcopal Church over its embrace of same-sex marriage, which they said has caused "deep pain" and "deeper mistrust" in the denomination

 

The vote by archbishops meeting in Canterbury, England, essentially directs Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby to relegate almost 2 million American Episcopalians to non-voting "observer" status within their own communion.

Under the terms of the resolution, American Episcopalians and leaders will be stripped of their votes at Anglican conferences and assemblies, won't be allowed to participate in decision-making "on issues of doctrine or polity" and can't officially represent the Anglican Communion on interfaith commissions.
The action isn't anywhere near as severe as expulsion or excommunication. But the Rev. Michael B. Curry, presiding bishop of the U.S. church, said it does cause "real pain" for American Episcopalians.

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"For fellow disciples of Jesus in our church who are gay or lesbian, this will bring more pain," Curry said in a statement distributed through the church's Episcopal News Service.
"For many who have felt and been rejected by the church because of who they are, for many who have felt and been rejected by families and communities, our church opening itself in love was a sign of hope," Curry said. "And this will add pain on top of pain."
The U.S. branch of the church has been at odds with the parent communion ever since it elected the first openly gay Episcopal bishop, Gene Robinson, in 2003. Robinson couldn't immediately be reached for comment, but he said Thursday on Twitter that Curry "speaks for me."

 

Magnitude 6.7 Earthquake - HOKKAIDO, JAPAN REGION

M6.7 - HOKKAIDO, JAPAN REGION

Preliminary Earthquake ReportMagnitude6.7Date-Time14 Jan 2016 03:25:34 UTC14 Jan 2016 12:25:34 near epicenter13 Jan 2016 22:25:34 standard time in your timezoneLocation41.952N 142.720EDepth51 kmDistances51 km (31 mi) SE of Shizunai, Japan114 km (70 mi) SSW of Obihiro, Japan119 km (73 mi) SE of Tomakomai, Japan122 km (75 mi) SSW of Otofuke, Japan743 km (460 mi) NNE of Tokyo, JapanLocation UncertaintyHorizontal: 4.8 km; Vertical 5.1 kmParametersNph = 101; Dmin = 36.6 km; Rmss = 1.22 seconds; Gp = 37°
Version =Event IDus 10004ebx

For updates, maps, and technical information, see: Event Page orUSGS Earthquake Hazards

Magnitide 6.0 Earthquake - SANTA CRUZ, BOLIVIA

Magnitude 6.0 - SANTA CRUZ, BOLIVIA

Preliminary Earthquake Report
Magnitude 6.0Date-Time14 Jan 2016 03:25:28 UTC13 Jan 2016 23:25:28 near epicenter13 Jan 2016 22:25:28 standard time in your timezone
Location19.805S 63.331WDepth580 kmDistances12 km (7 mi) W of Charagua, Bolivia33 km (20 mi) NE of Camiri, Bolivia160 km (99 mi) N of Villamontes, Bolivia201 km (124 mi) S of Santiago del Torno, Bolivia627 km (388 mi) SE of La Paz, BoliviaLocation UncertaintyHorizontal: 10.0 km; Vertical 7.2 kmParametersNph = 115; Dmin = 610.0 km; Rmss = 1.11 seconds; Gp = 18°
Version =Event IDus 10004ebw

For updates, maps, and technical information, see: Event Page orUSGS Earthquake Hazard

Another Terrorist Supporting Muslim Masquerading As A Good American

Rose Hamid Is Another Terrorist Supporting Muslim Masquerading As A Good American

by Andrew Bieszad on January 9, 2016 in General

Nice publicity stunt attempt CNN. Here is the video:

As was expected and proven by the video, Trump’s supporters conducted themselves very well. Imagine if she was a Christian attempting to protest in a Muslim country, and what would happen?

This is just to show that “Muslims aren’t that scary”? Right. I’m sure that was her only intention.

So who is this Ms. Rose Hamid?

She is president of the nonprofit Muslim Women of the Carolinas. Their Facebook page is here. She and is associated with several groups, including the Muslim American Society(MAS) of NC, CAIR, and the Islamic Society of Charlotte. We reported several years ago on Shoebat.com thatthe MAS is a front for the terrorist group Muslim Brotherhood. CAIR is an internationally recognized terrorist organization. The Islamic Society of Charlotte has ties to the infamous Holy Land Foundation Terrorist Financing case, as has been reported by the Carolina Journal Online:

One of the fund-raising groups that had connections to North Carolina was the Holy Land Foundation for Relief and Development, which formerly was based in Richardson, Texas. The Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets named the charity a specially designated terrorist organization and shut it down in 2001.

The foundation was a front organization for Hamas and sponsored offices and fund-raisers nationwide, including in Charlotte. The foundation was one of the largest Islamic charities in the United States, raising about $13 million annually.

Six years ago, CAIR Chicago did a story about how Ms. Hamid protested the fact that movie Obsession: Radical Islam’s War Against The West was being given away for free by her local paper, the Raleigh News & Observer:

But the filmmakers use the Islamic symbol of a crescent moon and star to spell out “Obsession.” And the DVD offers mostly frightening images of Muslim leaders and crowds, comparing them to Hitler and the Nazis. Its on-screen pundits include anti-Muslim figures, including Walid Shoebat, who has said that “Islam is not the religion of God – Islam is the devil.”

Also included: A grisly excerpt from an anti-Semitic TV show in which the execution of a young boy is dramatized.

Local Muslims criticized the Observer for agreeing to distribute the DVD.

“That film definitely is something that would be considered hate speech,” said Rose Hamid, president of Muslim Women of the Carolinas. “What if somebody put an (advertising) insert in saying Hitler was right? Would you carry that? … This is unacceptable.”

A copy of Obsession on YouTube can be accessed at the end of this article. As far as the “Hitler was right” part, Muslims already answered that for her:

But back to the matter: Ms. Rose Hamid.

Observe these two stills. One was taken from The stands, and another while she was on CNN:

Notice the tag on her upper left shoulder. It is shaped in the image of the rub’ al-hizb, which is a series of squares within squares used in Islamic calligraphy. It has two meanings. The first is that it used as a visual model for helping to recite the Quran. It is also known as the Al-Quds star, since is represents Jerusalem and specifically, the Dome of the Rock in Sunni Islam. It can be found on many Muslim flags, literary, and architectural works throughout Islamic history.

However, what makes this particular example sickening is it is (a) pinned on her shoulder and (b) it is yellow. This is likely a reference to the infamous Star or Cross patches, bands, hoods, and other insignia that Muslims forced Jewish and Christian dhimmis to wear as a sign of their second-class citizenship in Muslim lands for centuries and was later adapted for use in 20th century German for reasons we all know why:

Per the Genizah, a collection of documents chroncling medieval Egyptian Jewish life:

Two yellow badges [are to be displayed], one on the headgear and one on the neck. Furthermore, each Jew must hang round his neck a piece of lead with the word Dhimmi on it. He also has to wear a belt round his waist. The women have to wear one red and one black shoe and have a small bell on their necks or shoes

Per ‘Abbasid Caliph Al-Mutawakkil, who wrote a famous decree on this matter (and which you can read in Appendix E in my book, Lions of the Faith: Saints, Blesseds, and Heroes of the Catholic Faith in the Struggle with Islam):

(He ordered) that (the Dhimmis) affix two patches to all that they wear of a different color, and that the patches would be on the front of the chest and on the back, and that each patch be four finger spans in width and of a yellow color. To those who wore turbans, as such they were to be of a yellow color. Those of their women who went out had to wear a yellow wrap. He ordered that their slaves wear zunar belts and he forbade them from wearing those with decorations.

…

The Commander of the Faithful, may Allah grant him success, decided that the Dhimmis in all his provinces, far and near, of all classes, were to wear hoods– which their merchants, their secretaries, and their young and old wear- of a yellow color. None will be permitted to avoid this.

To those who are unable to buy such hoods will take two same-colored cloth pieces to their clothing. They shall have a complete circumference, and be affixed on the outside of the garments in the front and the back.

A dhimmi badge used in 10th century Egypt by Christians

 

Ms. Hamid is likening herself to a “persecuted minority” in a non-Muslim country using the very same imagery that her own co-religionists used to persecute and exterminate non-Muslims.

That is about as respectful as a Turk asking an Armenian to “get over” the Armenian Genocide without an apology (which they still have not apologized for):

Turkish official during the Armenian Genocide teasing starving, dying Armenians with bread

 

Make no mistake. Ms. Hamid knew exactly what she was doing. This was a planned publicity stunt that more than a few people were in on to try an make Trump look bad. But they failed miserably, and Trump continued on like a champ.

Trump 2016.

 

As promised, here is Obsession:

 

 

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Magnitude 6.1 Earthquake - HOKKAIDO, JAPAN REGION

M6.1 - HOKKAIDO, JAPAN REGION

Preliminary Earthquake ReportMagnitude6.1Date-Time11 Jan 2016 17:08:04 UTC12 Jan 2016 02:08:04 near epicenter11 Jan 2016 12:08:04 standard time in your timezoneLocation44.490N 141.068EDepth236 kmDistances75 km (46 mi) S of Rishiri Town, Japan76 km (47 mi) NW of Rumoi, Japan111 km (68 mi) W of Nayoro, Japan112 km (69 mi) SSW of Wakkanai, Japan984 km (610 mi) N of Tokyo, JapanLocation UncertaintyHorizontal: 7.5 km; Vertical 6.7 kmParametersNph = 91; Dmin = 128.6 km; Rmss = 1.36 seconds; Gp = 34°
Version =Event IDus 10004djn

For updates, maps, and technical information, see: Event Page orUSGS Earthquake Hazards Program

Magnitude 4.5 Earthquake - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

M4.5 - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

Preliminary Earthquake Report Magnitude 4.5

Date-Time6 Jan 2016 14:42:35 UTC6 Jan 2016 06:42:35 near epicenter6 Jan 2016 09:42:35 standard time in your time zone

Location33.961N 116.884WDepth1 kmDistances3 km (1 mi) N of Banning, California9 km (5 mi) ENE of Beaumont, California16 km (9 mi) ESE of Yucaipa, California20 km (12 mi) NNE of San Jacinto, California449 km (278 mi) W of Phoenix, ArizonaLocation UncertaintyHorizontal: 0.3 km; Vertical 1.4 kmParametersNph = 77; Dmin = 11.1 km; Rmss = 0.24 seconds; Gp = 26°

Version = 3Event IDci 37510616

For updates, maps, and technical information, see: Event Page orUSGS Earthquake Hazards Program
CISN Southern California Management Center
Caltech Seismological Laboratory
U.S. Geological Survey

http://www.cisn.org/scmc.html
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Volcano In Nicaragua Spews Gas, Lava:

SCIENCE

Momotombo Volcano In Nicaragua Spews Gas, Lava: How Scientists Predict Volcanic Eruptions

By Alyssa Navarro | Jan 04, 2016 11:02 AM EST

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In early December, the Momotombo volcano in Nicaragua spewed lava and gas for the first time since 1905. On Sunday, Jan. 3, the volcano once again blasted plumes of lava and ash. (Photo : Jorge Mejía Peralta | Flickr)

A month after showing signs of activity for the first time in years, a volcano in Nicaragua has again blasted plumes of ash, gas and lava on Jan. 3.

Located on the shores of Lago de Managua, the Momotombo volcano had been dormant for 110 years until it churned out hot rock and ash on Dec. 1 last year. Schools in the region were temporarily shut down because of the strong Strombolian eruption, in which the volcano produced continuous small explosions.

According to the Nicaraguan Institute for Territorial Studies, the Momotombo volcano on Sunday roared in activity before dawn, and subsided afterwards. No one near the volcano was reported to be hurt.

On Christmas day, some 20 minor earthquakes rattled the volcano at up to 3.0 on the Richter scale and at a depth of 6 miles.

Small tremors beneath volcanoes are usually part of the warning signs that scientists pay attention to in order to figure out whether a volcano is threatening to erupt or not.

How Scientists Monitor Volcanoes And Predict Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are often unpredictable as they follow no typical time pattern before they erupt.

"There is no 'norm' for volcanoes, because it's all going to be up to the individual systems. Different volcanoes are going to have different periods of time based on all sorts of different things going on in the crust," said Erik Klemetti of Denison University.

Still, volcanologists pick up indications of the volcano's current and potential condition to help them prepare for any kind of danger.

Below are warning signs and key techniques that scientists use to predict volcanic eruptions.

1. When magma rises up from within the Earth, hundreds of minor earthquakes may begin to occur.

John Eichelberger of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) said rising magma causes solid rock to break and sends earthquake signals.

"This pushes the ground surface upward, and boils off hot gas that travels ahead of the magma," explained Eichelberger.

Through the use of seismometers and GPS networks found near volcanoes, USGS scientists detect volcanic earthquakes. They also utilize radar satellites to identify whether the ground has swelled by comparing visuals captured at different periods.

In October last year, researchers in Japan created an artificial earthquake to help them analyze data through hot water pools and 1.24-mile underground pathways. Doing so would contribute in predicting the next volcanic eruption in the country.

2. Temperatures around the volcano elevate as volcanic activity increase.

According to USGS, lava on the cooler side of volcanoes comes out at about 570 degrees Fahrenheit. Burning hot lava can reach up to 1,600 degrees Fahrenheit. When it is still inside the volcano, magma can burn up to 2,120 degrees Fahrenheit.

To detect heat around a volcano, scientists use satellite cameras and thermal imaging techniques.

3. Volcanoes on the verge of eruption release gases with high sulfur content.

The higher the sulfur content of volcanic gases, the closer the volcano is to erupt. Eichelberger said increases in the flow rate of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide denote impending magma flow.

With that, scientists take gas samples and use chemical sensors to measure levels of sulfur.

According to USGS, large amounts of sulfur can lead to volcanic air pollution. Sulfur dioxide undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen, sunlight, water and dust particles to form vog, or volcanic smog.

Sulfur also affects the climate, warms the stratosphere, and cools the troposphere. Liquid drops of sulfuric acid also contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer.

Aside from that, plumes of volcanic ash and gases are bad news for airplanes. Clouds of ash are strongly dangerous for planes because they are often visibly similar to regular clouds. When ash is ingested into the engine, engine failure ensues.

4. Magma flow may help predict volcanic eruptions.

Scientists from the University of Utah found that the formation of magma on Mount Rainier may possibly help predict future volcanic eruptions.

Led by Phil Wannamaker, the team managed to identify and link the release of fluids at the top of the slab, the movement of the fluids into the overlying mantle wedge, to the melting and the transport of melt/fluid phase to a magma reservoir beneath Mount Rainier.

However, their findings won't help predict the specific time and date for future eruptions, they said.

5. Volcanologists measure the acidity and temperature of water.

During field observations, scientists use advanced equipment to monitor and predict possible volcanic eruptions. They measure the temperature and pH levels of water.

However, Eichelberger said measuring water is only a little helpful because while water is the most abundant gas in magma, the atmosphere contains too much of it that it does not help in forecasting.

Photo : Jorge Mejía Peralta | Flickr

Eighteen 4.6 + Magnitude Quakes Last 24 Hours